Bridging the financial gap in climate adaptation: Dutch planning and land development through a new institutional lens

Based on a case study of the Stadshaven port redevelopment in Rotterdam, this paper explores whether existing spatial planning mechanisms and processes can be used to facilitate local-level investment in climate-resilient public infrastructure and/or whether new processes and mechanisms are required to encourage investment in climate adaptation. The study reveals several key findings. First, a lack of conventional funding sources or formalised regulatory framework allowed room for experimentation with existing mechanisms and flexible strategies. Second, project planners are currently ambivalent towards introducing new mechanisms as a means to overcome implementation challenges. The case provides evidence about the role of the governance process, not simply as a means of system coordination that exists in isolation from institutional norms and values, but rather as a space for innovation, which can contribute towards reducing the financial gap associated with climate adaptation.     

基于土壤气调查的废弃工业场地人体健康风险评估研究

土壤气采样和分析是蒸气侵入评估的一个常用的工具.以某废弃化工场地为研究区,采集污染区域10个点位处的土壤气（编号SG1至SG10）,并分析土壤气中的苯、乙苯、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯和三氯甲烷等挥发性有机物.根据测定的土壤气体浓度,结合Johnson ＆amp;Ettinger（J＆amp;E）侵入模型评估了该废弃场地土壤气中挥发性有机物侵入带来的人体健康风险.风险评估结果表明,SG5与SG6处非致癌风险指数大于1,而10个采样点位中有9个（除SG8处）的单一污染物可接受致癌风险均超过1.0E-6.相对于非致癌风险,致癌风险存在面更加广泛,同时程度也比较严重,在进行场地再开发之前需要考虑场地修复等风险管理措施.     

基于棕地的居民小区土壤重金属健康风险评价

以河南省某市不同类型的棕地居民小区为研究对象,采集土壤样品,测定重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Pb)含量,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险模型对其展开健康风险评价.结果表明,棕地居民小区土壤重金属含量和健康风险比原棕地有了明显改善,但均高于非棕地居民小区;各小区土壤重金属的HQ和HI均小于1,不存在非致癌健康风险;CR和TCR略超过US EPA推荐的土壤治理标准,但低于一些专家所提出的宽松标准,存在致癌风险的可能;儿童4种重金属的HI大于成人,约相当于成人的7倍左右.HQAs对HI的贡献率在75%左右,CRAs对TCR的贡献率在80%左右,As是最主要的非致癌和致癌风险因子.     

Assessing London,Ontario's brownfield redevelopment effort to promote urban intensification

Intensification of existing urban areas is currently a major item on the policy agenda of the Ontario and Canadian governments. As part of the urban intensification drive, brownfield sites have become major candidates for redevelopment. Governments at all levels have initiated policies and programmes to encourage their remediation and redevelopment. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative exploration of brownfield redevelopment in London, Canada. Through in-depth interviews (n?=?17) with key stakeholders involved in brownfield redevelopment, the study explores the level of participation in brownfield redevelopment, barriers to brownfield redevelopment in the city, and perceptions about financial incentives in the city's Brownfield Community Improvement Plan. The study found that despite the availability of financial incentives, the overall private sector participation in brownfield redevelopment is low due to barriers such as competition from greenfield, risk, cost, negative public perception of brownfields, and complex remediation processes. The paper provides policy suggestions that may contribute to a more active participation in brownfield redevelopment in the city.     

Linking the stressors and stressing the linkages: Human—environment vulnerability and brownfield redevelopment in New York City

This paper suggests that the mitigation of one hazard—soil contamination—can unintentionally affect vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities to additional stressors in the local human—environment system through a study of brownfield redevelopment in New York City. This study employs a Vulnerability Scoping Diagram (VSD) approach to identify components that contribute to vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities in the local community, based on the thematic analysis of 55 interviews with residents from four neighbourhoods with brownfield redevelopment activities in New York City. This analysis of resident observations and perceptions of post-redevelopment hazard conditions indicates how mitigating vulnerability to one urban hazard—soil contamination—has the potential to affect vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities to additional hazards like flooding and air pollution because of the complex linkages among multiple stressors. A causal model of vulnerability to the unintended impacts of brownfield redevelopment is subsequently developed to further demonstrate the interactive linkages among exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to multiple stressors. This study also provides measures that stakeholders can monitor and evaluate over time to track the socio-spatial and environmental implications of brownfield redevelopment and subsequent changes in the local human—environment system.     

Environmental Isotopes for Resolution of Hydrology Problems

The use of environmental isotopes as tracers in the hydrosphere is increasing as analytical instrumentation improves and more applications are discovered. There exists still misconceptions on the role of isotopes in resolving hydrology problems. Naturally occurring isotopes in the environment describe hydrological processes, estimate ages, fingerprint sources and pathways, yet are not subject to the regulatory restraints of artificial isotope injections nor the limited extent of many chemical tracers, particularly dyes and particulates. A short review is presented for practicing hydrologists on the basis for employing stable and radioactive isotopes and a synopsis of recent isotope hydrology applications is provided. Special focus is presented on the emergent role of water isopopes (¹⁸O, ²H, ³H) in wet-weather flow research in urban watersheds. A brief technical approach for an experimental site in the Mill Creek Watershed, Ohio is outlined.     

再开发利用工业场地土壤重金属含量分布及生态风险

选取上海市普陀、宝山、闵行和嘉定这4个区内50块典型场地,测定1847个不同垂直剖面深度土壤样品中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr和As含量,并通过内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行评价.从总体上看,Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr和As在表层土壤样品中的平均含量分别为0.33、0.37、74.55、69.23和9.05 mg ·kg^-1,其中Hg、Cd和Pb均超过上海市土壤背景值,分别是背景值的2.75、2.85和2.93倍;5种重金属含量随着土壤垂直剖面深度的增加逐渐降低,深层和饱和带土壤重金属含量接近或低于背景值水平,这表明人类活动扰动影响主要局限于表层.普陀区表层土壤中Hg、Cd和Pb的累积程度最为明显,平均含量是背景值的4.25、4.85和3.09倍;宝山区的Hg和Pb平均含量则为背景值的4.92和6.43倍.宝山区和普陀区的内梅罗综合指数分别为3.70和3.20,属重污染等级;普陀区潜在生态风险指数最高为398.59,具有很强风险,宝山潜在生态风险指数为303.08,具较强风险.闵行和嘉定土壤重金属含量和生态风险水平相对较低.综上,再开发利用工业场地土壤重金属污染受企业生产年限、行业类型及历史管理水平等因素的综合影响,工业发展较早的普陀和宝山土壤重金属累积程度明显高于闵行和嘉定.工业场地土壤中重金属Hg、Cd和Pb的污染值得关注.     

DECISION-MAKING IN THE DEVLOPMENT OF URBAN WATERFRONTS FOR PARK/BUSINESS USE1

Abstract: Opportunities for the development of an amalgam of park and leisure-oriented commercial establishments in urban-core waterfont settings exist in many U.S. cities. Public awareness of the need to enhance the environmental quality of these waterfont areas has resulted in a demand for planning and implementation action. However, the lack of understanding of urban political systems has been an inhibiting factor in the development of this park/ business concept. The major factors that influence the decision-making process leading to the development of urban-core waterfronts for park/business use are identified inthis paper. Understanding this decision-making process can aid project implementation and avoid waste of planning effort in time, dollars, and productivity.     

美国"棕色区域"的治理法律介评

"棕色区域"问题是经济发展到一定阶段带来的环境问题.一些国家逐渐开始应对.棕色区域问题涉及到各种因素,如法律,税收,财产权,土地开发等多种因素,所以是一个复杂的,较难解决的问题.以起步较早的美国为例,以联邦立法为重心,论述了美国在"棕色区域"治理中的政策和法律制度,并对其进行了简要的评述.以期对这个问题有清醒的认识.棕色区域问题实质上是土壤污染的治理问题,这对中国缺位的土壤污染立法有重大的借鉴意义.     

Increasing the capacity of community development corporations for brownfield redevelopment: an inside-out approach

While the redevelopment of brownfield sites has been the mainstay of public agencies and private developers, this paper argues that in order to promote just redevelopment that encourages participation and targets weak market sites, a community-based approach to brownfield redevelopment should be encouraged. Furthermore, this paper maintains that community development corporations (CDCs) could be the ideal agents to spur community development and address environmental justice concerns through their increased involvement in brownfield redevelopment projects. In order to promote these positions, we first describe this new approach, which focuses on building the capacity of CDCs to meaningfully participate in brownfield redevelopment. We then offer four proposals designed to increase this capacity. We conclude with a discussion of how community-based brownfield redevelopment connects to larger issues of democratic decision-making, environmental justice, and urban revitalisation.